Cosmetic surgery Essay

Introduction: The search for perfection is in mind of probably every human being. This search had started Centuries ago not only in the twenty first century but it had developed now due to the influence of the media on people specially women and teenagers. That search of perfection made them thinking of cosmetic surgery as that seemed the easy way to get the shape and the look they wanted, not what GOD had been giving them. So, what is plastic surgery? Originally the word plastic surgery came from a Greek word Plastikos, it means the shape or mould. So it has nothing to do with plastic or plastic products. In my understanding of plastic surgery, it’s type of surgery that repairs the damaged places in the body that got injured or lost organs or tissues of the body. It can be for any part of the body, some people get plastic surgeries for medical reasons but others to fulfill there needs of being perfect and beautiful! According to a medical dictionary â€Å" plastic surgery is the specialty or procedure concerned with the restoration, construction, reconstruction, or even improvement in the form, function, and appearance of the body structure that are missing, defective, damaged, or misshapen1.† Another definition for it â€Å"A special type of surgery that can involve both a person’s appearance and ability to function better2†. A plastic surgery is the reconstruction or improvement of forms or functions by resection, transplantation, or implantation. Plastic surgery therefore it includes the reconstruction of defects3. There are two types of plastic surgery: Reconstructive surgery: â€Å"Reconstructive surgery is frequently performed on burn and accident victims. It may involve the rebuilding of harshly fractured bones, as well as skin grafting. Reconstructive surgery includes such procedures as the reattachment of an amputated finger or toe, or implanting a prosthesis. Prostheses are artificial structures and materials that are used to replace missing limbs or teeth, or arthritic hip and knee joints4.† Cosmetics surgery (also called aesthetic): procedures alter a part of the body that the person is not happy with. General cosmetic procedures include making the breasts larger or smaller, reshaping the nose, and take out pockets of fat from specific spots on the body. Several cosmetic procedures aren’t even surgical in the way that the majority people think of surgery that is cutting and stitching. For example, the use of special lasers to remove unwanted hair and sanding skin to improve severe scarring are two such treatments. History of plastic surgery: As the surgical specialties go, you may think that plastic surgery is one of the best known things at this moment, that’s because of the media that covers the celebrity â€Å"enhancements† and the never ending chase for the perfect appearance although there is no such thing under the name of perfect appearance. Plastic surgery now has the eyes of the public, as it became for the people something almost interchangeable terms, but in medical field and historical perspective this isn’t so! Cosmetics surgery involves an elective procedures preformed for an aesthetic reasons, but plastic surgery refers to the surgical reconstruction misshapenness of a part of the face or the body, providing the normal appearance and function. As surgical specialties go you may think that plastic surgery is one of the  best known at the moment, civility of media coverage of celebrity â€Å"enhancements† and the never ending chase of the perfect appearance. Plastic plus cosmetic surgery has, in the eyes of the public, become almost interchangeable terms, but in medical and historical background this isn’t so. Cosmetic surgery involves optional procedures performed for aesthetic reasons, but plastic surgery refers to surgical reconstruction of deformity, providing normal appearance and function. The specialty developed from its ancient Egyptian origins more than three thousand years ago. It developed geographically, as knowledge spread from epicentres, plus northern India at about 600 BC, Sicily in the 15th century Renaissance, Germany in the 19th century, and lastly Britain in the two world wars. Egyptian beginnings: Evidence of reconstructive surgery exists in Egyptian medical papyruses1 that date back to 1600 BC, describing reconstructive techniques employed by the priest-doctors of the time to restore appearance. Of these, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus is the best example, describing case histories and advice for practical management, not like other texts, which outlined grouping of magical and practical methods. Of the 48 preserved, case 12 describe how to come close to â€Å"a break in the chamber of the nose,† including a description of its look and methods of packing the nasal cavity to stop bleeding and reproduce a normal profile. Also included are suturing techniques, which allowed huge lacerations to heal with minimum mark. In the upper echelons of Egyptian culture huge importance was sited on the appearance, as shown by the elaborate death masks of the pharaohs and their daily use of make up. Consequently, a person’s look was changeable, doctors were expected to restore it to normality, and it was this demand that provided the motivation for the foundations of plastic surgery. Though the lack of anesthesia and pain relief and religious forbiddance of invasive surgery limited their work to superficial injuries, doctors were able to perfect basic but highly effective techniques, which continue to be used today. Reconstructing the nose in India Just about thousand years later, a Hindu doctor, Susruta, working in northern India close to the modern day city of Varanasi, completed the next step in the progress of plastic surgery, with the introduction of rhinoplasty2. Nasal amputation was common at the time, also through injury on the battlefield or as a punishment, which produced a shocking and deformed appearance. In response, Susruta developed a reconstruction technique that returned some degree of function and shape, which is expressed in his book, Samhita (about 600 BC). His work had spread fast to Eastern Europe and into the Byzantine Empire, where in AD 700 the emperor Justinian successfully had a forehead rhinoplasty after a disturbing nasal amputation. Surviving statues of Justinian bear scars around the nose and forehead, a testament to the surgery he underwent. The fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century was vital in preventing the dissemination of this technique all over Western Europe. Lack of demand for procedures other than rhinoplasty in the east meant a lack of driving force for more advancement techniques were just being refined not pioneered. It was not until the Renaissance in the 15th century that a few developments took place. Italian practitioners were at the front position, as for many medical advances at that moment in time, in particular a Sicilian family of surgeons, the Brancas. Between Branca Senior and his son, Antonius, suturing techniques were advanced, affording minimum scarring, new methods for repairing wounds to ears and lips were recognized, and the aforementioned Indian method was introduced to the West, as Susruta’s text grow to be more widely available. Cosmetic surgery: Nowadays, cosmetic surgery is one of the most surgeries that people make. As the graph shows the top plastic surgeries that been done in year 2008 (look at figure 1): As you can see that the most common cosmetic surgery is Breast Augmentation, subsequently, Lipoplasty, Blepharoplasty, Rhinoplasty and lastly Abdominoplasty. Breast augmentation: A procedure made to increase breast size. Liposuction: A procedure in which a special instrument called a canula is used to break up and suck out fat from the body. This procedure is also known as lipoplasty. Blepharoplasty: is one of the most popular cosmetic surgical procedures. It’s a procedure to get rid of fat – frequently along with excess skin plus muscle – from the upper and lower eyelids. It can lift drooping upper lids and reduce the puffy eye bags that form below our eyes. Rhinoplasty: A cosmetic procedure used to improve or change the appearance of the nose. Rhinoplasty is commonly referred to as a nose job. Abdominoplasty: A procedure performed to flatten your abdomen by removing extra fat along with skin, and tightening muscles in your abdominal wall. This procedure is commonly referred to as a tummy tuck. Advantages and disadvantages of cosmetic surgeries Really there is nothing at all wrong with you wanting to make your self beautiful, prettier or even wanting to feel better about yourself. Because in our world the image is everything, feeling good and looking good too is really important. The question that you really have to ask yourself is how far would you go to look perfect? Before making any decision, be sure that you are happy with your self inside, because the outside is something can be changed in a moment. Disadvantages Various Procedures: Cosmetic surgery includes a wide range of procedures. Each and every procedure has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. One of the most popular cosmetic surgery procedures is breast implants. They probably make a  woman feel more confident of herself and her body, except the implants have a risk of leaking or even bursting and that well require another surgery to fix the problem. Second most popular cosmetics surgery is Liposuction. The noticeable advantage for this procedure is that people can lose a large amount of weight in hours. Also, they might feel better about themselves after having the procedure and keep up a healthier lifestyle. On the other hand, if they gain weight after going under a liposuction procedure the chances of risk is going to increase. Your skin might be at risk of dimpling and that is going to need fat injections to fix that problem. In addition, the body is going to take long time to get used to the new weight plus some people suffer chills and ot her problems in the weeks and months after having the procedure. Costs One of the disadvantages of cosmetic surgery is the cost. A simple Botox injection can cost $400 and even more. Breast reductions can range between $3,500 and $6,000 depending on if you are a man or a woman. Facelifts average is about $6,500 and even liposuction costs more than $3,000. A nose job is generally more than $4,000 and eyelid surgery is at least $3,000. These are just a few of the high costs of some of the good number of popular cosmetic surgery procedures. Although, the costs of those procedures are pretty expensive, there are a few ways to save some money. Nearly all plastic surgeons offer financing options either through their own office or by working with a lender or even a financing company. Many people are able to afford these procedures now and that is by working out low monthly payments. Some cosmetic surgery schools too may offer discount procedures for people who are willing. These procedures are controlled and observed by trained professionals. Safety In general, cosmetic surgery procedures are safe. The overwhelming majority of customers who go through liposuction, face lifts, breast augmentations or other procedures are happy with the change and experience few negative side effects. However, some statistics that poses a disadvantage to those considering cosmetic surgery. According to CosmeticSurgery.com, about four percent of cosmetic surgery procedures have some type of complication after completed. Procedures done in Mexico and other countries where they are much cheaper account for many of the surgeries that â€Å"go bad,† however it is still something to consider and put in mind. Requirements In order to be qualified candidate for cosmetic surgery, you must follow certain standards. There are some health conditions that you will probably exclude you from being a candidate for cosmetic surgery, including lung disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis and malnourishment. These and other problems make risks of cosmetic surgery. On the other hand, if you are a fairly health person, cosmetic surgery can be a remarkable advantage. Smokers are also not good candidates for cosmetic procedures. Actually, they must quit smoking for two whole weeks before having the procedure in addition; they must also be smoke-free for more two weeks after having the surgery. For some smokers, this may be a tremendous disadvantage to cosmetic surgery. Risks No surgery is risk free, but unfortunately there is something called complications and side effects of any surgery. Part of the cosmetic surgeon’s job is to educate, tutor and help the people who are planning on having cosmetics surgery properly including knowledge of this into their decision about surgery. In addition you must discuss the risks and all the side effect of the surgery with your cosmetic surgeon. Post-operative Hemorrhage (Bleeding) Although our body’s have there own mechanisms and surgeon work in concert to stop all the significant bleeding produced during an operation, there are times when bleeding may resume post-operatively. It would be unusual for the bleeding that can complicate the cosmetic surgery to be life threatening,  but it certainly can lead to extend the recovery and the need for extra surgery. Cosmetics surgery procedures are frequently form wide areas between tissues, which can cause blood to collect if the bleeding continued in after the operation on the early days. When this happen that could lead to a development of the firm tense clot within the tissues referred to as a â€Å"hematoma.† This clot can cause major pain plus it will produce hard swelling with discoloration. Between all this things that can effect and cause allot of complications, such as uncontrolled high blood pressure, clotting disorders plus the over use of alcohol. This risk of bleeding is decreased with each passing day after having the surgery. Because significant clots can compromise skin vascularity and prevent normal healing, the surgeon him self will usually need to evacuate the collection by opening the wound in a limited way or by re-operating. To reduce your risk for this problem, your doctor will see if you have any bleeding history and he’ll ask you to avoid aspirin for two weeks before having the surgery. You may also help reduce the risk by following the instructions after having the cosmetic surgery, so that might be some kind of a relief. Post-operative Wound Infection Wound infections are frequently caused by the patient’s OWN germs. We live in an environment that is filled with organisms that live our skin plus in our guts. When a cut is made in the skin (such as surgical incision), organisms that must kept out are now allowed to get into the tissues. Most of the time the body’s immune system well fight and will destroy the bacteria before they harm the body. In minority cases the germs may grow too fast which will make them increase in number, consequently that will lead those to overwhelm the humans body defenses, which well lead to tissue invasion and infection. The infections are distinguished by swelling plus redness, and it might be accompanied by pus like drainage from a wound and fever with malaise. The infections are distinguished by swelling plus redness, and it might be accompanied by a puss plus fever and malaise. This infection could be healed by opening a portion or all of the incision. So once the body gains the upper hand after this surgery is done the wound can be closed secondarily, but sometimes it might be allowed to close up the wound by it self. Although when the wound is drained obviously the doctor well take fluid for culture  and he’ll make the patient on an antibiotic to effect and fight against bacteria. The antibiotic choice might be changed several days after the surgery, and that is based on the result of the cultures obtained. Skin Death (Slough) Plastic surgeons often remove and rearrange the tissues; they have to divide some of the supply to those tissues. If in any chance the areas of the skin or fat left without enough circulation to heal, a â€Å"slough(4)† will occur, and that well cause tissue discoloring, turning black and that well need must be removed. Slough is common in the elderly, the obese, cigarette smokers and people with blood vessel diseases. Plus, the chances of slough can also rise up by pressure effects of hematoma and the invasive activities of bacteria within an infected wound. Tiny sloughs in cosmetic surgery is not important areas and usually the can be treated with wound care and later scar revision. On the other hand larger areas of slough may be required to go under another surgery to remove the dying tissue and reorganize tissue for the wound closure. Abnormal Scarring (â€Å"Hypertrophic† scars and â€Å"Keloids†) Mainly objectionable scarring after cosmetic surgery is determined genetically. People of certain skin types are more expected than others to suffer from thick, raised â€Å"hypertrophic(5)† scars. People who are most risk those of African-American, Mediterranean or Asian background. Something is worth considering, that different areas of the body can heal with several types of scars and your doctor have to educate you with the nature of the scaring that he expect to happen in the area to be treated. General Post-surgical Risks Lying still during and immediately after surgery can lead to stagnation of the blood inside the veins of the leg and pelvis; sometimes it leads to clotting named Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT). DVT is really serious as it can lead to inflammation that well effect the veins with later scarring of the veins venous incompetence. It have a possibility that clot within a large vein might break free and circulate through the large veins to be trapped inside the lung (this is called â€Å"pulmonary embolus†). This is a unique and  unusual complication in cosmetics surgery, but this is important to consider it and know about it as it can be life threatening. Patients who are at higher risk to this problem are those who are obese, heavy smokers plus people with a previous history of DVT. Examples of bad cosmetic surgeries: Advantages Feeling good about your self The great thing about plastic surgery is that the benefits are not only physical it also emotional, so it help the patient external plus internal. It can be exactly what you really need to improve and develop your self image and look. Having the look or the positive self image could give you a better self confidence, and that might help you to get a better job, trying new things and it will also give you a feeling of well being. Correct physical defects In addition, cosmetic surgery has this incredible ability to correct the physical defects. Many people may have physical defects that were done by an accident or bad case of acne as a teenager. Also, there are people who are born with physical defects that had overwhelmed them, bother them and got teased because of it since birth. Cosmetic surgery now have the answer and the solution for there problems. Feel younger People who have cosmetic surgeries feel younger and more attractive. This feeling will make them improve there self and there body image and that is something that well surely help feeling good emotionally. You well really enjoy this feeling of satisfactions and that well be the reason for you to get you life in a better place the fits your NEW YOU. Studies showed that people who go under the knife â€Å"cosmetic surgeries† are more often to get rewards in their personal career. Looking beautiful than ever There are some girls and even boys that when they wake up and look at the mirror they someone not pretty, and doesn’t have only one pretty thing to feel good about comparing there self to celebrities and famous people. So they turn to cosmetic surgeries to give them a look that they well feel satisfied about. Therefore, they look beautiful than ever. Examples of good cosmetic surgeries: Conclusion: Cosmetic surgery is just like any other things, it have advantages and disadvantages. People who are planning on having cosmetic surgery should really think twice about it. It is considered a surgical procedure consequently it’s going to have its risks. However, if you are a good healthy person you might be a good candidate for it. People who are willing to take that risk should really think double twice (not only twice), they should really consider the consequences, risks and if they are that kind of people who can live up with some pain after having it done. Cosmetic surgery can really be a solution for you to enhance your self image. Although, there are much less expensive, easy things plus it doesn’t hurt or cause any actual pain. To improve and enhance your look and self image, you can start by living a healthy well being life, that well make you first look better, feel younger, look younger plus live longer. Now you can see that you have three things done by livin g a healthy life! In addition, you can also consider having a NEW LOOK for your self. So get a new hair cut, a new hair color and go shopping for new clothes that fit the YOUR NEW YOU. In my opinion, cosmetic surgeries must not be done on any one, but only for people who suffers from deformation or have a problem resulting from an accident. Cosmetic surgery is something not necessary for people to have, because GOD had given us a face and a body that can function and can do its work properly. So you should look to those poor kids and poor people that have deformation and compare your self to them, and then you can really see how you are so lucky to have what you have and not be in there place. You should also thank god every single day for what he gave you and thank him  for not putting you in that persons place. References: 1. Williams , Lippincott. â€Å"plastic surgery .† 28th. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 2006. Web. . 2. Dowshen, MD, Steven . â€Å"Plastic Surgery.† (2009): 1-5. Web. . 3. Gerber, Diane, and Marie Czenko Kuechel. 100 Quetions and answers about plastic surgery . 1st. 5. Canada: Jones and Bartlett Publishers,Inc, 2005. 1-2. Print. 4. J. Frey, Rebecca. â€Å"plastic surger.† New-York: 2008. Web. . 5. â€Å"Cosmetic Surgery Glossary of Terms .† 29 Harley Street, London W1G 9QR: Royal College of Surgeons , 2008. Web. . 6. E.Panfilv, Dimitrije . Cosmetic Surgery Today. 1st. German: Library of congress cataloging in publication data, 2003. 1-6. Print. 7. M.Engler, Alan . Body Sculpture. 2ed. 3. New York: Hudson Publishing, 1998. 6-9. Print. 8. Bullivant , Elizabeth. â€Å"A brief history of plastic surgery .† Britain: University of Birmingham, 2007. Web. . 9. Lisa A., Ennis. â€Å"Cosmetic Surgery .† Dictionary of American History . New York: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Web. . 10. Hagy, Chad. â€Å"Advantages & Disadvantages of Cosmetic Surgery .† eHOW (2008): n. pag. Web. 3 Apr 2010. . 11. â€Å"Uncover The Advantages Of Cosmetic Surgery .† http://www.cosmeticsurgerya-z.com. N.p., 7/5/2007. Web. 3 Apr 2010. . 12. Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery News. 2009, Web. 3 Apr 2010. .

Yahoo Strategic Management Report

Yahoo! : Business on Internet Time Group 2: Aaron Duke Alejandro Reynoso Erin Moon Sophia Benevento February 21, 2012 Dr. Jay Lee GM 105 California State University, Sacramento Executive Summary Yahoo started out as a hobby between two Stanford students, Jerry Yang and David Filo, and turned from a simple website with categorized information to a powerful navigational tool for millions of users. It generated millions in revenue and helped shape the way the modern-day internet is used, both in terms of streaming information and streaming revenue.The U. S. military first used the internet in the 1960s as a way of safeguarding against centralized information. Decades later, it was used as a tool to help researchers share informaiton. In the 1990s, HTML language was created to help read documents easier. Within a few years, browsers, portals, and internet service providers (ISPs), along with the low price and easy access to computers had connected the world and the internet was born.As Y ang and Filo created a way to monetize the traffic created by the popular Yahoo portal, the attractiveness of the Yahoo model helped propel the global reach of the internet, and brought about intense competition, new tools, new models of monetization, and the need for new strategy. When using Porters five forces model to analyze the portal industry’s attractiveness, it is clear that attractiveness is low. The bargaining power of suppliers is high, bargaining power of the buyers is low, threat of new entrants is high, start-up costs cause high barriers to entry, alternative edia allow the threat of substitutes to be high, and the potential for revenue has saturated the industry with competitors. This competitive environment rapidly changed since Yahoo was first created. There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments. Using a strategy of simplicity, independence and strategic partnerships, Yahoo created a user-friendly point-of-entry for consumers to find information on the internet while making millions of dollars. Yahoo led the portal industry from 1994 to 1998, during which its market capitalization grew to $30 billion.In 1999, the industry began to change further as mergers and acquisitions consolidated power. Media companies, ISPs, browser companies and content providers were merging and acquiring each other in a flurry of moves in order to retain competitive advantage. The strategy of independence that brought Yahoo success needed to be reevaluated. In an environment with such volatile and intense competition, what strategy should Yahoo implement? As leader of the internet portal industry, Yahoo’s position, both in terms of its external environment and internal resources and capabilities, should be exploited in order to bring about above-average returns.Both the Industrial Organization (I/O) and Resource-Based models of above-average returns can be utilized. It shows Yahoo to be in a favorable posit ion and the tools needed to effectively create new partnerships that will secure market share and long term profitability. Further, A SWOT analysis shows that Yahoo has strong brand image and opportunities for strategic partnerships, even though as first-mover in the industry, it lacked a long-term strategy and is threatened by intense competition.The story of Yahoo shows that a company’s strategy must always be evaluated for effectiveness in terms of its current external environment and its internal resources and capabilities. While effective strategy early on may bring about a favorable position in the industry, competitive forces will cause a company to seek out new strategies, new partnerships and new models in order to remain competitive and profitable. Background Jerry Yang and David Filo created the portal Yahoo in April of 1994. It was originally used as a hobby to track web addresses sent to them by friends.They were students at Stanford, but they gave up their educa tion to focus on running Yahoo. Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web was created by Yang and Filo as a guide to navigate though the web. These web sites were sorted into a database and thousands of users began to use their service. Yahoo officially became a business on March 5, 1995. They hired Tim Koogle as CEO, as well as a staff of six people which eventually grew. Yahoo’s operations had three separate departments: property development, marketing and sales, and international.Property development focused on production and engineering. Marketing and sales handled corporate marketing, business development, and sales. They also had customized Yahoo pages in 18 countries, which was run by their International departments. Yahoo was located in Silicon Valley, and they offered five main services (properties) to consumers such as navigation, community, personalization, e-commerce, and international. Navigation allowed consumers to find information. Community offered an addres s book, email, chat, and message boards for consumers.Personalization allowed users to personalize their web pages and e-commerce offered shopping and other online sales. International properties were designed for those in different countries and had each country’s language and local content. By 1998, Yahoo had an estimated 100 million connected consumers, 167 million page views per day, and a market value of $30 billion. By 1998, they had an increased revenue for 1. 5 years. Industry Evolution The Internet was first used in the U. S. Military for defense in 1960.In 1986, the National Science Foundation used it for transferring research files and exchanging electronic mail. In 1991, Hyper text markup language (HTML) was created by Tim Berners Lee. This language allowed documents to link to one another through a host computer, and people could view graphics, audio and text. In 1994, the first internet browser was created. This allowed people to view web documents easily. Navig ation sites, called â€Å"portals,† soon followed. Portals had two types of consumers: non-paying users and paying companies that wanted to advertise.Portal companies typically made revenue through advertising, and they often paid for information that would be exclusive to their site, such as news and sports. Click-thrus and referral fees made up a majority of their revenues from consumers, as well as targeted placements. During the 1990s, personal computers began to sell quickly for home use. Computers were sold with modems, software, a browser, and a way to access the internet. The two browsers that were commonly used were Netscape and MSN. Portals could be chosen by the consumer, but they often came included on the computers.Consumers also chose portals based on habit, quality of information, and brand. Access to the internet was usually done through the phone company, and later high-speed broadband was offered through cable providers. Internet usage began to increase at a fast pace and soon there were millions of people using the internet daily in many countries around the world. Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s five forces model, we conclude that the bargaining power of the content providers varied depending on the relevance of the information.The bargaining power of suppliers of unique information, such as popular real-time news or sports, was high. Some of the portals paid companies a monthly rate up to $50,000 for information. However, that bargaining power of other suppliers of information such as specialized content, which was less crucial to the portal, is moderately high. This could range between $2,500 to $20,000 per month. Nevertheless, some of the smaller content providers would receive free placement in exchange for their information. Overall, the bargaining suppliers of the most important information is very high.Technology and labor were also suppliers. The threat of new entrants to the industry is high. However, the capit al requirements in order for a new entrant to compete is also very high. During the first few years after Yahoo was launched, many other entrants decided to enter the market. There would be even more entrants in the next few years. Yet, most of the companies that compete against Yahoo are not making money, they are actually losing money. There are many substitutes in the industry that users may prefer to use instead of a portal.Portals considered themselves to be media companies and not just a search engine. Some of the substitutes of portals are television, newspapers, movies, magazines, and even other non-portal websites. In addition, the bargaining power of major paying customers, those who want to advertise on the portals, is very high. In spite of this, the bargaining power of small paying customers is moderate. The smallest orders of advertisement were $1000. But all of the deals where typically negotiated. Moreover, the competitive rivalry is very intense. The only two portal s who were making money in 1998 are Yahoo and AOL.However, AOL was not only a portal, it also provided internet access, which provided the majority of their income. Yahoo was the only portal that was not also an ISP and was still profitable. In summary, the overall attractiveness to enter the industry is very low. The industry is saturated with many different types of competitors, and the start up cost for a new entrant is extremely high. Performance and Strategy When Yahoo invented the first internet â€Å"portal,† it also created the internet portal industry There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments.It had the â€Å"blue ocean† at its feet as it created new demand in an uncontested market. Yahoo saw the value of creating a user-friendly Internet portal before anyone else. By moving quickly and efficiently, Yahoo was able to negotiate, and frequently dictate, pricing with partners which led to large amounts of revenue. Yahoo’s performance has been very effective, resulting in positive revenue gains leading to profitability in 1998. Yahoo chose a strategy based on forming strategic partnerships that simply added value to the company.They decidedly chose not to merge with other companies in order to retain full control of operations. This way, Yahoo executives were able to take full advantage of both its position and revenue streams and reinvest into the company. This would create value-adding â€Å"properties† and services and thus stay ahead of the competition. The strategy that Yahoo implemented proved very successful. This strategy was one of simplicity and independence compared with their other competitors. They had a maintained a business plan that was developed in 1995 and a one-year operating plan that showed their financial goals and top priorities.They did not have a detailed marketing plan. The employees worked in close quarters, although the structure of the firm was hierar chal. Employees worked in cubicles to save costs. Yahoo was the only portal, aside from AOL, to post profits in 1998. AOL’s profits were significantly larger than Yahoo’s due to the fact that they generated large amounts of revenue as an Internet service provider (ISP). By selling access to the internet, AOL gained revenue from both Internet use and access, while Yahoo generated revenue only from internet advertising.In 1998, it seemed that Yahoo was trending toward losing market share to AOL because would have been wise to invest money into becoming an ISP, however as we have seen, the dominant ISPs have become companies like AT&T and MCI, companies that control the means of communication, namely the phone lines and satellites. Yahoo has kept their basic strategy. Yahoo possesses in-house expertise in engineering. All in all, their strategy has been very successful until 1999. Mergers & Acquisitions of Competitors There were many mergers and acquisitions in the portal industry during 1998 and January 1999.Media sites such as Disney and NBC were partnering with portals such as Infoseek and Snap to gain a competitive advantage and market share. Internet service providers were also acquiring portals with the hopes of gaining more consumers and increasing their profits. For example, the service provider @Home acquired Yahoo’s main competitor Excite, while AOL acquired the very popular Netscape. The internet and portal industry was new for the public in the 1990s. Although there were billions of dollars being spent in e-commerce and by advertisers, the portal industry had only a few years of data to compare when creating a new strategy.Many companies relied on analysts’ predictions for revenue, which may not have been accurate. The strategies ranged from ISP’s hosting portals, media company mergers with portals, and portals acquiring numerous smaller businesses. While some of the strategies seemed to make logical sense, the only two portals that created a profit in 1998 were Yahoo and AOL. The problem with many of these acquisitions and mergers was the amount of money that was being spent at the risk of their stakeholders, particularly their capital market stakeholders. For example, @Home paid $6. billion for Excite, but only a few years later, @Home filed for bankruptcy (Source). These internet service providers and portals had a first-mover advantage so they were able to gain a large market share. Increased competition brought about mergers and acquisitions which consolidated power within fewer companies, in hopes of gaining more of a competitive advantage and greater market share. A Strategy Change? Koogle and his team were aware of the intense competition in the external environment and considered it’s options. Though they were successful and profitable, they were unsure of the future.Their strategy was basic and they had used one business plan, which never changed. They were an independent compa ny, unlike some of their competitors. The management at Yahoo should continue observing the market and begin to create a new business and marketing plan. The portal industry is growing and becoming fiercely competitive, and with Yahoo’s main competitor Excite flaunting their slogan, â€Å"Still with the same old Yahoo? † they should consider changing their strategy. Their high stock price has allowed them to hire some of the most skilled engineers. This, along with capital has allowed them the option to either â€Å"make† or â€Å"buy† companies.Partnering with other businesses that have interest in their company such as AT&T, MCI, Time Warner, and News Corporation may be good options. They also have the capital to acquire Geocities, which is another internet portal. They can also negotiate exclusive distribution deals with personal computer makers such as Compaq, Gateway, HP, and IBM in order to secure market share and increase its customer base. Yahoo s hould adjust their strategy because as their competitors continue to partner with other firms, their customers will likely choose to advertise with these larger companies and they risks losing millions in profits.The best option for Yahoo would be to approach News Corporation and negotiate a possible media partnership in the future. This will allow Yahoo to gain more consumers while leaving them with control of the company. It is not wise to sell because Yahoo has an estimated worth of $30 billion, and their rival Excite had just sold for less than $7 billion. (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns Yahoo invented the internet portal industry. In 1994, the external environment of the industry was void of economies of scale and barriers to market entry.There was no need for diversification or product differentiation, and there were no other firms to compete with. Yahoo had a simple strategy that capitalized on its first-mover advantage, its access to top engineering talent in Silicon Va lley, and its vision that focused on creating a user-friendly entry point for the internet. This simple strategy was sufficient for above-average returns in the early days of the industry, but as the internet evolved and industry competition increased, Yahoo realized it needed to reevaluate their position in the industry in order to continue enjoying the same above-average returns. External Environment: Several mergers and acquisitions had consolidated ISPs, portals, media companies, and content providers. Yahoo had was the only portal not in talks with a major partner. †¢ Attractive Industry: Yahoo is still the largest portal in the industry. This position makes the industry attractive, however the growing competition makes the position unsecure. †¢ Strategy Formulation: Yahoo can no longer survive on its own. Its partnership with telecommunication giant AT&T is losing strength as AT&T looks to provide customers with web content, no longer needing the content provided by Yahoo.Yahoo needs to partner with traditional media companies, secure more distribution deals with computer companies, improve technologies that would enhance the speed and usability of their search engine. †¢ Assets and Skills: Yahoo has a reputation for independence and tough negotiations. Moving forward, executives will need to be able to build and maintain relationships with potential partners. Yahoo currently has access to the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. Strategy Implementation: Meet with executives from telecommunication, traditional media, and personal computer companies with the goal of creating exclusive partnerships. This will boost brand recognition, increase customer base, increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. Resource-Based Model of Above-Average Returns It was necessary for Yahoo to also evaluate their internal environment. Resources and capabilities were essen tial for the success of the company, as well as a competitive advantage, strategy formulation and implementation, and an attractive industry. Resources: Yahoo has the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. It has a popular product with a loyal customer base. It has financial resources, a market capitalization valued at $30 billion. †¢ Capabilities: Yahoo was able to secure the position of industry leader, secure distribution deals and valuable partnerships, and create an internet portal that customers widely valued over the competition. †¢ Competitive Advantage: Internally, Yahoo’s resources and capabilities exceeds that of its competitors.Superior talent, better vision of what a portal should offer, and effective execution all contributed to Yahoo’s early success. However it needs to combine its resources and capabilities through strategic partnerships in order to maintain its competitive advantage. †¢ Attractive Industry: As the leade r in the internet portal industry, Yahoo executives can exploit opportunities to merge or form partnerships with any number of major industry companies. †¢ Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Yahoo’s early success is attributed to its executives utilizing its talent, industry position, partnerships and financial resources.Management needs to direct these resources and capabilities toward strategic partnerships with traditional media and personal computer companies in order to create value-adding partnerships, boost brand recognition, increase customer base, and increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. The use of both the I/O model and the Resource Based Model are crucial for Yahoo to analyze and use as they formulate their strategy for earning high profits. SWOT Analysis When analyzing Yahoo, it is clear that they have many strengths.One of their main strengths is their strong brand image compa red to their competition. Yahoo is currently the second biggest business in the industry both in the United States and globally after Google. Also, Yahoo was the first business to enter into this new industry, with it’s portals, commonly known as search engines now. In addition, Yahoo built many strategic partnerships. These strategic partnerships were negotiated by the business development staff at Yahoo. One example of a strong strategic partnership was teaming up wit AT&T in order to combine Yahoo! s services with access to the Internet. Yahoo also had a few weaknesses. Yahoo was lacking a long-term strategy, and their unwillingness to embrace the changes in the industry. They also did not offer Internet access like other portals such as AOL and MSN. The company had many opportunities. For instance, they had the opportunity to do strategic acquisitions or partnerships with other companies in order to ensure that their leadership will not be taken away by other companies th at were involved in mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, Yahoo had the opportunity of the growing online advertising market.Expenditures for online advertising grew from $0 in 1994 to $2 billion in 1998, and they were expected to keep growing exponentially. A third opportunity that Yahoo had is to keep expanding to more countries. Yahoo had international properties in 18 countries, but there are many other countries where Yahoo can keep expanding. The threats that Yahoo was facing were the very intense competition and government regulations. As the Internet industry evolved, regulations became more strict and the government becomes more involved. References Cnet. Feb-21-2011. http://news. cnet. com/2100-1033-273689. html

Properties of PVC/ABS blends

Properties of PVC/ABS blends Introduction Polymer blending is one of the fastest growing areas of polymer technology. Blending of polymer has become an increasingly important technique because it is an economical, viable and versatile way in which new material can be produced with a wide range of properties by merely using conventional processing equipment such as extruder or internal mixer. Polyvinyl chloride is most versatile material in plastic family and second largest consumption material in plastic industries compared to polyolefin’s. It is characterized by rigidity, hardness, excellent tensile modulus and low cost. However, it has low impact strength and poor thermal stability. Which limit’s it’s used. Similarly, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) is one of most largely used engineering plastics. It has excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical & chemical properties. Followed by inferior properties such as poor weather resistance, highly flammable and merely high cost. Polyvinyl c hloride is largely blended with number of polymers and rubbers. In most cases, to improve properties of PVC and rarely to improve properties of other materials. One of most inferior properties of PVC is low impact strength. To overcome this problem, it is blended with many rubbery materials. It has been shown that impact strength of PVC increases by blending with rubbery material such as NBR, SBR etc. But, it follows the decrease in tensile strength, rigidity and in most cases thermal stability. Hence to achieve high impact strength, better thermal properties along with rigidity, PVC is blended with ABS. The blend of PVC and ABS posses their advantage of impact strength, rigidity, chemical resistance, electrical properties and overall low cost. In ABS, generally the rubbery phase is made of emulsion polymerized polybutadiene, which constitutes the main polymer chain. The glassy phase is made of styrene and acrylonitrile grafted on Polybutadiene. Thus, it combines the impact strength of rubber and tensile strength, heat stability of styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Matrix. Thus properties of styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and polybutadiene are imparted in PVC/ABS blend. Compatibility of Polyblend of PVC/ABS blends Compatibility is characteristics, which shows that components of blends are soluble in one another in all proportion. However, compatible blends are susceptible to phase separation at elevated temperature. While preparing blend, it is necessary to consider compatibility of components of blend with each other, which are used to prepare blends. In case of PVC/ABS blend, PVC and ABS are used as blend components. ABS is made by emulsion polymerization of SAN grafted by Polybutadiene. Polystyrene and Polybutadiene, have solubility parameter close to PVC. Although, solubility parameter of PS and Polybutadiene are close to PVC, they do not have good compatibility because of their being non-polar nature. While Acrylonitrile imparts good compatibility because of itâ⠂¬â„¢s polar nature (as shown in table). Solubility parameter of components of PVC/ABS blend    Yodouchi and Seto reported that in ABS material, the brittle and glassy component ( PS and SAN) improves tensile strength while Polybutadine contribute to toughness. The mechanical properties have been shown to be affected by type of ABS used, due to different Polybutadiene content.

The roles of Japanese woman in early twentieth century Essay

The roles of Japanese woman in early twentieth century - Essay Example In his Readers Guidebook to Japanese Literature (1999), J. Thomas Rimer concedes the common understanding of Ariyoshi as one of the highest quality of post-war Japanese female writers but claims that that explanation is insufficient since it is unable to define or put forward the variety of her prodigious talents. Unfortunately, minimal of Ariyoshis literary production, comprising of over one hundred brief tales, books, plays, musicals, and a melodious script, has been translated into English. Translated pieces consist of an assortment of brief stories released in the Japan Quarterly, a four-act play, and The Kabuki Dancer , first posted in Japanese in 1972 , under the title of Izumo no Okuni, and in English, in 1983. It is a fictionalized biography of Okuni, the seventeenth-century priestess-dancer at the Grand Shrine in Izumo whom Ariyoshi credits as the founder of Kabuki Theatre. The tale is an effective depiction of the lifestyles of three family lines of ladies associated with one another by blood in the Meiji, Taisho and Showa durations. The time period 1898 to 1955 is represented by the writer as a time of exceptional interpersonal and ethnic transformation, which contributed to †¢far achieving adjustments in the family process of Japan, its customs, beliefs and traditions; and she provides the various ways whereby the main women figures while trying to deal with these modifications turn out to be important to the narrative of Ki no Kawa (Ariyushi 12). The tale is developed around Hana, daughter of the Kimoto family and spouse of Matani Keisaku of the Kaiso state located in the bottom touches 9f the River Ki. Ariyoshi employs the analogy of the river to characterize the persona of Hana who as a lady of imaginative and prescient vision and credibility imparts dynamism and prosperity to the lifestyles of all people around her irrespective of her own dissimilarities with them, significantly

Describe and evaluate the current budgetary process in Congress. What, Essay

Describe and evaluate the current budgetary process in Congress. What, if anything would you change How would you change it - Essay Example at include outlays, subsidies for loans and insurance (Beranek), tax deductions among other tools; and enhanced public confidence and trust in the said process. This article discusses the various reform options available and focuses on presenting the best ways that are most likely to meet the required effectiveness and feasibility. A breakdown of the best way to do this is divided into three sections comprising of efficient and timely budgeting, accountability, and transparency (Beranek). Since the budgeting process starts at the time the president communicates his proposed budget to the Congress and is usually meant to be carried out by the first Monday of February each year and usually fails to happen, it is, therefore, almost impossible for any newly elected president to comply with a set timetable at the beginning of the year due to the existence of a strong case regarding pushing back the legislative and executive branch timetables at the time as noted by the House Budget Committee. The reform that should be carried out in enhancing the effectiveness of timely budgeting include:- The level of public trust in the budgeting process has over the years been eroded alongside the deteriorating status of the federal government and the Congress specifically. One cause of the mistrust is the prevalent credence that insiders are frolicking some sort of shell game that is designed to completely conceal the actual happenings in the process. Politicians frequently castigate against the budgeting process: Proclaiming that â€Å"Only in Washington is an expenditure increase labelled as a cut. When viewed from the stance of the ordinary mutual sense, these critics seem to have a point. For example, considering a family that uses the same location as their vacation spot every year (Beranek). The prices for lodging and travelling rises, between this year and the next year, increasing the overall vacations expenditure by $700, the family has two options either to take the cost

Work People and Productivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work People and Productivity - Essay Example In such a case, the candidates need to ask themselves if they do recognize their profile. It is good to come up with the specific observations that are supportive to the existing culture as well as the exact behaviors to fit the desired one. One needs to show why the preferred culture is desirable ( OCAI, 2014). If striking differences that are large between the preferred and the current cultures exist, then changes are vital. The profile does indicate the direction. For instance taking the example of moving from the hierarchy to clan culture, one needs to show what that exactly means. What has been left out by the hierarchy culture that needs to be filled in by the clan culture, for instance, the need for more concern on workers and how it is necessary? What would that bring? ( OCAI, 2014) The next step is to make a comparison of one’s profile. First is with that of the organization’s sector. See the similarities as well as differences and identify them. See if the work looks more of market oriented than that in other organizations. Are the right people attracted to fit within the culture of the organization? See if the culture does support the organizational goals, challenges met, and the culture needed for success ( OCAI, 2014). The third step is to involve colleagues. Plan a meeting for the team or discuss the profile with them. See if they do recognize the profile and if there is an agreement in on this preferred culture. For development of concrete action, it is good to decide on what is to be done. Key factors for success include coming to agreement on the culture preferred and objectives, senior official’s commitment and the change of mental models, which govern daily behavior (OCAI, 2014). An analysis of the two examples shows great cases especially in defining both cultures and showing what they both represent. The current culture has been well explained to show its weaknesses; that it is discriminating to workers and

Health Informatics---bar coded medications Research Paper

Health Informatics---bar coded medications - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to establish whether bar code technology achieves its intended purpose, which is to increase patient safety by reduction of medication errors. The most effective way of analyzing this is by studying real-life examples of institutions that have implemented the technology and measured their quality, workflow or inter-professional after implementation. This is what the paper will focus on in subsequent sections. Barcode medication is increasingly becoming common among several hospitals in the country. It is critical to examine its impact on nursing workflows. Nurses need to spend their time on patients’ direct care. Therefore, if medication administration is eating up most of their time, then it will be difficult for them to provide quality services. This paper will examine whether or not bar code medication has an effect on nursing workflow as well as quality of care in institutions. Perhaps the most critical issue in the analysis of this technology in medical administration is its impact on patient safety. Errors in the medical profession could lead to further complications in treatment; they may prevent patients from recovering as quickly as they might have if the right procedures were followed. Additionally, they may cause new conditions or diseases which harm patients. In essence, they may do the exact opposite of what hospitals intend to do to patients when they visit them. Errors increase healthcare costs to patients, insurance providers as well as institutions. The latter may lose their clientele owing to a tainted image or costly malpractice litigations. Most importantly, errors in administration of drugs could be lethal and may lead to the loss of life. This paper will contribute towards the minimization of medical errors in drug administration by looking at the effectiveness of one solution. Bar code technology

Outsourcing Clinical Trial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsourcing Clinical Trial - Research Paper Example In developed countries, there is need to recruit a large population for the trials which is not possible. This is because people in the developed countries have health insurances or they benefit from the government making them reluctant to sign up for the clinical trials. This is contrasted to the situation in developed countries where the clinical trials are done. The population in developing countries has no health insurances and the public health services that they are able to receive are dismal. This makes the population to sign up for the trials as they are promised care when they involve in the trials. In an analysis that was carried out in one of the developing countries, India, the population believe that when they sign up for the trials, they will be in a position to receive better care. This can be considered a means of industries testing their drugs on poor patients. Most of those that sign up for the trials are those who are illiterate and this makes it difficult to be sure whether they have understood the consent documents that they are given. A major problem with the trials is that they are not published as trials. Despite the regulations that may be put forward to ensure safety of the patients, most of the patients are not informed by the physicians that they are involved in the trials. Several problems have been experienced in clinical trial but instead of prohibition to protect human rights, the advocates for the activities argue that there is only need to improve the monitoring of such activities.

Paper on TV show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on TV show - Essay Example The listed shows are a few of the many comedy series that are aired, however, this essay will be taking into consideration how each of these shows demonstrate the subversive potential of comedy which is to be able to portray serious issues or critique on an established norm or value of society, in a way that depicts both humor and elicits a response from the audience in the sense that they are made to think about the issue or debate. â€Å"†¦the funniest, noblest comedy has always been rooted in hostility to oppression†¦.comics around the world use their art to combat political and social tyranny in everyday life† (Jenkins, Ronald S. 1994) â€Å"Girls† is an adult comedy show aired first on April 2012, since then it has released two more seasons to keep the flare that rose from the first season’s release. Although it is a comedy drama show, â€Å"Girls† like almost every other comedy show, has the tendency to portray a subversive side of comedy, in fact, this characteristic of comedies is shown in the very first episode of the first season, the pilot episode. In this episode, the protagonist, namely Hannah, a 24-year old aspiring writer who lives in New York, is refused financial assistance from her parents. There is an argument while the family is having dinner and Hannah is finally refused any money from her parents for her future endeavors. This in itself is a somewhat common issue found in households; it portrays modern day reality where many households with parental occupants that are not financially secure, or do not have high paying jobs, are unable to support their children sufficiently so that they may pursue careers that they wish to, in this case, Hannah who is aspiring to be a writer is obviously not experienced or skilled enough to be able to support herself, as is the case with every individual beginning a career. Her parents refusal to fulfill her financial requirements in a comical way, suggests that Hannah belonged to that kind of financially insufficient household we find in society today. The pilot episode goes on to take up a an even more subversive position by showing that Hannah loses her already unpaid job or internship at a local publishing house, after which eventually she releases her post traumatic stress with her boyfriend, Adam, with whom she frequently sleeps. This part of the episode describes how young adults get frustrated after facing a sequence or chains of failure and upsetting news and eventually end up performing acts that go against the norms and values of society. â€Å"30 Rock† is another great comedy hit that was released in 2006 and has since then released several more follow up season for the fans. This show too has numerous instances where a potentially significant issue or topic is discussed under the pretext of laughter. In episode 12 of the first season of â€Å"30 Rock†, there is such an instance. The episode kicks off with Jack inviting L iz to come with him to a special event, the birthday of Gerhardt Hapsburg. Jack’s ex-wife, Bianca, spots the duo and goes over and Jack decides to pretend that Liz is his girlfriend, encouraging Liz to play along. Jack then goes on to brag about so many women that he has been involved with after Bianca broke up with him. However, Bianca does not seem to be roused by Jack’s long list of women that he has gone out with, instead she is shown to be jealous that Liz has been able to keep Jack happy all this time. This entire scene is

Ethnic differences essay Essay Example for Free

Ethnic differences essay Essay ?Asses the claim that â€Å"ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors† Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pigeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. However many sociologists argue that it is external factors that affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic backgrounds tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Nevertheless, some sociologists argue that it is internal factors which affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. However other factors such as linguistic skills affect this achievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

Hippotherapy and Cerebral Palsy

Hippotherapy and Cerebral Palsy Intervention Analysis Background Jane Walters is a five year old girl and has a diagnosis of left sided spastic hemiplegia, a form of Cerebral Palsy. Jane has two older sisters who attend horse riding lessons at their local stables. Jane has recently expressed an interest in joining them to her parents. However her parents are worried that because of her diagnosis she will not be able to keep up with her siblings. However Jane is very independent child and she doesnt believe that she is any different from other children of her age. Diagnosis Cerebral Palsy (CP) refers to non-progressive conditions characterised by impaired voluntary movement or posture, and resulting from prenatal developmental malformations or postnatal CNS damage (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2008), it is highly likely that a child with CP will have other medical disorders such as; cognitive impairments, seizures, delayed growth and development. Spastic syndromes such as Jane’s occur in more than 70 percent of CP cases. Spastic hemiplegia is a type of CP that typically affects the arm and hand on one side of the body, but can also include the leg. . The spasticity creates a state of resistance against any range of motion, this resistance ultimately increases with increasing speed of that movement (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). Children with spastic hemiplegia will generally walk later and on tiptoe because of high heel tendons. Often the arm and leg on the child’s affected side are shorter and thinner (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2008). Impact of Right Hemisphere Brain Damage The primary cause of CP is damage to white matter of the brain this is often caused by abnormal brain development, a bleed on the brain, or brain damage caused by a lack of oxygen in the brain, generally caused by a difficult birth. Jane has left sided spastic hemiplegia, indicating that damage to the brain has occurred on the right hemisphere. It was felt important to consider additional complications related to right sided brain damage to ensure we are aware of Ellie’s level of functioning physically, cognitively and behaviourally. Those that may relate to Ellie’s case are listed below, however, it is important to recognise that each case must be treated individually; the symptoms and severity will vary for each individual. Attention Difficulty concentrating on a task or focusing on what is said or seen. Perception Visual perception deficits causing a person to have difficulty perceiving and processing any information on the left visual field (left-sided neglect). For example, individuals with right hemisphere damage may have difficulty with reading words on the left side of a page, eating food on the left side of their plate, or acknowledging the left side of their body Reasoning and problem solving: Difficulty identifying that there is a problem and generating solutions. Memory: Difficulty recalling previously learned information and learning new information. Social communication Difficulty interpreting abstract language such as metaphors, making inferences, and understanding jokes; and problems understanding nonverbal cues and following the rules of communication Organisation: Difficulty with systematically arranging information and planning, which is often reflected in communication difficulties, such as trouble telling a story with events in the right order, maintaining a topic during conversation. Insight Difficulty recognizing problems and the impact on daily functioning. Orientation: Difficulty recalling the date, time, or place. The individual may also be disoriented to self (ASHA 2014). Medical Considerations for Therapeutic Riding People with cerebral palsy have difficulty coordinating and producing purposeful, functional movements. Some people have too much muscle tone, such as those with spasticity. Their muscles hold their limbs in rather stiff postures and it is difficult to relax these muscles. Thus, the rider cannot move his limbs easily except in the direction the spastic muscles pull. Other types of tone abnormalities include fluctuating tone, as seen in athetoid cerebral palsy and hypotonia, or too little tone. Tone is an elusive thing to quantify. Using treatment techniques to temporarily make tone more normal does not suddenly result in normal, coordinated movement patterns. In fact, increased tone may be the result of pathologic weaknesses in other muscle groups coupled with the normal human desire to move. Muscle fibers are known to change over time, resulting in increasing, age-related difficulty in maintaining posture. It may be true that abnormal tone, especially spasticity, is an abnormal response to normal sensation, such as touch and movement sensation. Orthopedic problems occur in people with cerebral palsy, perhaps partly because of the interaction of the abnormal neurologic system with the muscles, joints and soft tissues. The abnormal, usually asymmetrical pull of spastic muscles coupled with lack of normal movement and weightbearing can result in progressive scoliosis and dislocating hips. Other joints, such as wrists, elbows, knees and ankles, can lose flexibility and range of motion. Despite these factors, the rhythmic motion, shape, warmth and inherently motivating quality of the horse can be helpful to people with cerebral palsy throughout their lives. Therapeutic riding can facilitate cognitive and sensorimotor development in childhood, help develop a sense of responsibility, self-confidence and fair play in adolescence and provide life-long recreation and sport. It can do all this while stimulating the good posture, balance and flexibility needed for functional independence off the horse. Riding works best for maintaining range of motion and joint flexibility if a well-aligned, correct posture on the horse is always a goal. There is no substitute for a horse with good, symmetric movement. Many riders with cerebral palsy can achieve normal balance, posture and movement on a horse if the instructor takes a long, slow approach, focusing on posture and alignment. These are not therapy goals. Good posture, hands-free balance and a following seat are prerequisites to riding with ease and comfort for the rider and the horse. Riding sessions for people with cerebral palsy should never result in increased tone and discomfort. Ask the rider (family member or personal care assistant) how he feels after the session, when hes at home. Are the muscles relaxed or tight? If spasticity is worse after the session, decrease the amount of stimulation. Focus on less impulsion, more stretching and relaxation, more straight-line work and fewer circles. Use a horse with a wider base and a smoother walk. Offer an opportunity to sit and rest after dismounting. Try a saddle with a suede or synthetic cover so the riders seat and legs will stick to the saddle better, which will increase his stability and decrease stress. Recent articles by Ruth DismukeBlakely, SLP/CCC, in AHA News and NARHA News, indicate that the movement of the horse in hippotherapy sessions can increase the quantity, quality and volume of vocalization in the rider. For children with cerebral palsy, the horse is a wonderful motivation for speech, while the horses movement can improve the coordination of breathing, swallowing and sound production. The horse naturally motivates children with cerebral palsy to move, explore and touch. Using the horse as a large, gentle, rhytiunic and predictably moving gross-motor platform, where the child is invited and assisted to explore, can be even more useful than learning to ride. Instructors can encourage movement and hopefully disconnect it from the fear of failure. The result is self-confidence and courage on and off the horse. The rider with cerebral palsy benefits from advance preparation in many areas. Stretching before getting on the horse, as recommended by a physical therapist, can reduce the warm-up time on the horse. When practicing walk-halt transitions, the instructor or therapist can use: Prepare to walk, Prepare to halt, Get ready to whoa. These preparatory phrases allow the rider to prepare or set the posture needed to accomplish the task. If the rider has decreased or asymmetric range of motion at the hips and knees, select the horse that accommodates the problem so the rider can sit easily in good alignment without being pulled to one side. If the hip is partially dislocated (subluxed), the type of horse is essential. The lack of range of motion, spasticity, the horses natural shape and movement can all potentially worsen the subluxation. In general, the rider with cerebral palsy who has orthopedic problems at the hips or spine may benefit greatly from consultation with a physical therapist who can assist the instructor in creating an appropriate riding program. -Liz Baker, PT, NARHA Medical Commitfee Chairman http://www.cpparent.org/hippotherapy/articles/cp.htm Bissell, C. 2015. Cerebral Palsy and Therapeutic Riding [Online]. Available at: http://www.cpparent.org/hippotherapy/articles/cp.htm [Accessed: 29 April 2015]. Hippotherapy Hippotherapy is a form of physical, occupational and speech therapy that uses equine (horse) movement to develop and enhance neurological and physical functioning by channelling the movement of the horse. Hippotherapy is built on the concept that the individual’s neuromuscular development is enhanced when their body makes adjustments to the gait, tempo, rhythm, repetition and cadence of a horse’s movement. What is hippotherapy? In today’s world, children with cerebral palsy often benefit from several traditional treatments and therapies designed to greatly enhance his or her abilities, and by extension, his or her quality of life. Some therapies – such as physical therapy – are commonly deployed for those with mobility and function impairment. But others, like equine therapy – also known as hippotherapy – take an unconventional path in the effort to increase a child’s physical strength and cognitive capabilities. Based on the concept that humans with physical challenges can benefit from both learned and spontaneous reactions while riding a horse, hippotherapy was conceived in the 1960s and used primarily in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as a companion to more established treatments. Hippotherapy was recognized in the United States in the 1980s as a therapy that not only helps patients with neuromuscular dysfunction increase physical strength and cognitive ability, but also offers the individual a chance to take advantage of an enjoyable activity that contributes to a positive therapeutic experience. Hippotherapy is a form of physical, occupational and speech therapy that uses equine movement to develop and enhance neurological and physical functioning by channeling the movement of the horse. Hippotherapy is not to be confused with therapeutic horseback riding, in which individuals are taught specific riding skills. Hippotherapy is built on the concept that the individual and variable gait, tempo, rhythm, repetition and cadence of a horse’s movement can influence human neuromuscular development in humans. Horseback riding triggers a series of complex physical and mental reactions; such as making physical adjustments to maintain proper alignment on the horse. Riders must also plan movements to maintain balance on the horse, and be able to interact with the animal. Hippotherapy, through equine movement, works by further developing physical and cognitive abilities, including: Strength Control Balance Posture Endurance Coordination Sensory integration Understanding of visual cues What are the benefits of hippotherapy? Hippotherapy can help children with cerebral palsy on several fronts. Interacting with the animal can lift a child’s spirits emotionally and psychologically while also providing valuable physical exercise as the child learns how to ride the horse properly. A horse’s gait has three-dimensional movement—equine movement–similar to a human that helps a child plan physical responses to the horse’s movement. Horeseback riding requires subtle adjustments and positioning to maintain proper balance and posture. Physical benefits include: Improved gross motor skills Trunk core strength Control of extremities Improved postural symmetry Reduced abnormal muscle tone Respiratory control Cognitive benefits include: Improved attention Visual coordination Sensory input Tactile response Improved timing and grading of responses Improved ability to express thoughts, needs Psychological benefits include: Enjoyable interactions with the animal Opportunities for social interaction Improved self-esteem When is hippotherapy advised? There is no specific age, or point in a child’s therapy, that dictates when or if a child would benefit from hippotherapy. Children as young as two years old, and teens, have benefitted significantly from hippotherapy. The decision to employ hippotherapy will be based on several factors, including whether a child’s specific physical and cognitive challenges could be improved by this therapy, and whether mitigating physical and cognitive conditions exist that would preclude a child’s interaction with a horse. Because it is not likely to be among a child’s core therapies, hippotherapy is unlikely to be covered by many medical insurance plans. How is hippotherapy performed? A successful hippotherapy program incorporates the multi-dimensional movement of a horse with that of a human. The therapist will likely begin any course of treatment with an assessment of the child’s physical, cognitive and psychological abilities to gage whether hippotherapy is appropriate for a child, and what accommodations should be made if a child cannot sit on the horse in a conventional manner. Once a therapist has determined that hippotherapy is appropriate for a child, he or she will explain how sessions will unfold. Additionally, a child and his or her parents will also be given detailed instructions regarding how to physically interact with the horse, including: How to safely mount and dismount a horse How to utilize equipment, such as saddles What to expect regarding the horse movement After a child mounts the horse, it is the therapist’s job to strictly monitor and control the horse while the child is riding horseback. The therapist will walk alongside the horse to direct equine movement and modify movement in a way that is safe for the child. As the therapist monitors the horse, he or she is also monitoring the child to watch for changing physical reactions such as balance, control, strength and range of motion skills. Changes in physical reactions from the child are considered positive because when a child responds naturally to shifts in gait from the horse, it not only builds physical strength, but also vital connectivity in the brain. Because hippotherapy is practiced by physical, occupational and speech and language therapists, activities and goals in therapy may vary. Physical therapists tend to focus on improving gross motor skills, balance, and strength; occupational therapists focus on sensory processing, vestibular and proprioceptive issues, and speech therapists focus on communication Therapists will monitor the progress of a child, and make modifications to the child’s plan of treatment as needed. Where is hippotherapy performed? Hippotherapy generally takes place at specialized institutions, generally in a horse-farm setting. Because the children will eventually ride the horses, and they are encouraged to interact with the animals, special attention is paid to ensuring the environment is stress-free, friendly, and supportive for children and their families. Some programs are dedicated entirely to providing hippotherapy programs all year to the exclusion of other activities, and others will have occasional or seasonal programming during certain times of the year. Regionally, it can be challenging to find nearby programs because many horse farms are located in rural communities. Who provides hippotherapy? Those who practice hippotherapy are most often physical, occupational or speech and language therapists, and have met the rigorous educational and certification requirements to practice within those disciplines. See physical therapist, occupational therapist, and speech and language pathologists. In some cases, a hippotherapy practitioner may work closely with a professional horse trainer. The American Hippotherapy Association offers a multi-level educational program that aims to educate aspiring practitioners with a foundation of knowledge regarding how to work with both patients and horses. Certification in hippotherapy is open to physical, occupational and speech therapists that have practiced for three years in their field, and 100 hours of hippotherapy, through the AHA. Hippotherapy Clinical Specialty Certification can be obtained after the applicant sits for the HPCS examination. More information can be obtained at the AHA’s website, which also includes a list of hippotherapy educators and certified practitioners. The AHA’s educational and certification program addresses several concepts, including: Physical attributes of the horse Tacking and untacking of the horse Natural gait of the horse Unsoundness of horse movement Links between horse and human movement Emergency procedures and safety practices Selecting appropriate exercises Treatment plan effectiveness Creating quality and beneficial movements Relationship between treatment and functional outcomes HPCS certification is valid for five years; practitioners must then undergo a re-certification process. During this process, applicants must either retake the HPCS examination, or provide written evidence of 120 hours in additional coursework. Fifty percent of the work must be hippotherapy-based, 25 percent must be related to hippotherapy, and 25 percent must be related to the applicant’s professional discipline. Hippotherapy practitioners, depending on their professions, may utilize equine movement in different ways. Physical therapists may focus on cultivating strength ad balance in large muscles of the core, legs and arms; occupational therapists may focus on fine motor skills, cognitive functioning and sensory integration as it relates to everyday activities; and speech pathologists may focus on communication strategies that support speech and language, signing or other modes of communication. http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/treatment/therapy/hippotherapy/ CerebralPalsy.org, 2015. Hippotherapy and Cerebral Palsy | Horse | CerebralPalsy.org [Online]. Available at: http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/treatment/therapy/hippotherapy/ [Accessed: 29 April 2015].

How Psychoanalysis Changed Society with Consumerism and Public Relation

Works Cited Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis and Edward Bernays theories that were derived by Sigmund Freud, changed society Through psychoanalysis and Edward Bernays public Relations, our modern society is a product of both theories. Back in the beginning of the 20th century there was no such thing as an American consumer. Before psychoanalysis and Edward Bernays applying Freud’s theories with propaganda all that exist was the American owner and the American worker. A creditable source states that â€Å"The rise of consumerism in the United States is also linked to the birth of Public Relations. At the time of 1915 the so-called father of modern Public Relations.† (Craig Willis) Sigmund Freud had devised a method he called â€Å"psychoanalysis†, by analyzing dreams with free association he discovered powerful sexual and aggressive forces which were the remnants of our animal past, feeling we repressed because they were too dangerous. (Sigmund Freud) In 1914 the Austrian Hungarian war Empire lead Europe into the war (http://en.wikipedia.org), as the horror mounted Freud saw it as terrible overwhelming evidences of the truth of his findings. This is exactly the way Freud should have expected people to behave from his studies in psychoanalysis. Freud under estimated the unconscious mind state of our powerful sexual and aggressive forces. â€Å"But as time went on Jung and Freud differed in ideals and in 1914 they terminated their correspondence. In that same year World War 2 broke out and brought the movement of psychoanalysis to a halt. The years after the war were seminal ones for psychoanalysis.† (http://www.logosquotes.org) Governments had unleashed the primitive forces in human beings and no one seems to know how to stop them. At th... ... frenzy mob which had the power to destroy even Government. After reviewing everything on the unconscious mind and the modern society today with consumerism in a way it states that one of the guidelines principles of democracy was wrong, the belief of human’s beings can be trusted to make decisions on a rational basis. The leading political writer Walter Lippmann said the herd of citizens must be governed by â€Å"a specialized class whose interests reach beyond the locality."(The Phantom Public - 1925) In conclusion what was beginning to emerge in the early 20th century was a new idea of how to run mass democracy. At its heart was the consuming self which not only made the economy work but was happy and throughout stabled and so created a stable society, so through psychoanalysis and public relations of Edward Bernays our modern society is a product of both theories.

Patriot Act Essay -- essays research papers

The â€Å"Patriot Act† In the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Congress sprang into action. Within a month, U.S. lawmakers overwhelmingly approved the USA Patriot Act of 2001, giving law enforcement and intelligence agent’s broader authority to fight terrorists operating in the United States. Signed into law by the President on October 26, the Patriot Act is designed to fight terrorism on several fronts. First, it gives the U.S. government authority to hold foreigners suspected of terrorist activity for up to seven days before charging them with a crime. The legislation also gives investigators the legal right to tap any phone a suspected terrorist might use. The Act also gives complete access to financial records, medical records, and even library records. In addition to tracking cellular-telephone communication, agents can now subpoena Internet providers to surrender records of e-mails that they judge suspicious. This component of the law was significant, given that the men who hijacked the four planes on September 11 had communicated extensively about their plans via the Internet. The Patriot Act also sanctioned funds to triple the number of border-patrol agents and Immigration and Naturalization Service inspectors along the northern border. Some of the major areas of contention are as follows†¦ Conducting "sneak and peek" searches, which allow law enforc...

Health Care Inequities for Aboriginal Women Essay -- Health, Access to

Health care inequities for Aboriginal women There are 1.1 million Aboriginal peoples living in Canada as of 1996 and 408,100 of them are women (Statistics Canada, 2000; Dion Stout et al, 2001). More than half live in urban centres and two thirds of those reside in Western Canada (Hanselmann, 2001). Vancouver is comprised of 28,000 Aboriginal people representing 7% of the population (Joseph, 1999). Of this total population, 70% live in Vancouver’s poorest neighbourhood which is the Downtown Eastside (DTES). Health care inequities can be elucidated by the research that identifies the social, economic and political ideologies that reflect aspects of cultural safety (Crandon, 1986; O’Neil, 1989 as cited in Browne & Fiske, 2001). There are various factors that affect the mistreatment of aboriginal peoples as they access health care in local health care facilities such as hospitals and clinics. Aboriginal women face many barriers and are discriminated against as a result based on their visible minority status such as race, gender and class (Gerber, 1990; Dion Stout, 1996; Voyageur, 1996 as cited in Browne & Fiske, 2001). A study done on Aboriginal peoples in Northern B.C. showed high rates of unemployment, underemployment and dependency on social welfare monies (Browne & Fiske, 2001). This continued political economic marginalisation of aboriginal peoples widens the gap between the colonizers and the colonized. The existence of racial profiling of aboriginal peoples by â€Å"Indian s tatus† often fuels more stigmatization of these people because other Canadians who do not see the benefits of compensations received with having this status often can be resentful in what they may perceive is another compensation to aboriginal peoples. The re... ...ir personal encounters with Aboriginal classmates that they might have had in high school. Life experiences, parental upbringing, ethnic roots, social status and education all shape nursing practices. Nurses and other health care professionals are trained in institutions that fail to recognise the socio-political injustices that occur in health care settings. In addition to this, their experiences in their work and in their personal lives and communities, they already have opinions about certain groups of people. â€Å"Cultural safety would encourage nurses to question popular notions of culture and cultural differences, to be more aware of the dominant social assumptions that misrepresent certain people and groups, and to reflect critically on the wider social discourses that inevitably influence nurses’ interpretive perspectives and practices† (Browne, 2009, p. 21).

Shangri-La Hotels and Landmarks Berhad (Malaysia)

For the hospitality industry, the average revenue they earn through their continued operations within year 2007 to year 2009 increased in year 2008 and then decline in year 2009. The reason revenue decline in year 2009 is probably is the side effect of the bad economy during end of year 2008. For Landmarks Berhad, their business decline for three years continuously. This shows that their management level is not done their job perfectly. The average revenue for year 2008 should be higher than the previous year; this is happened on the Shangri-La Hotels but not on Landmarks Berhad. They could use the bad situation of our economy as the main reason for the decline in revenue for year 2009 but not for year 2008. Besides that, when we look at the average liquidity of hospitality industry, their average should be around 1. 5 or less since the largest inventories held by a hotel are in the form of guest rooms, and these are included under property, plant and equipment which is a part of fixed assets. Therefore hotels can operate with a liquidity ratio less than 1. 5. Creditors might prefer to see a high ratio of current assets to liabilities since it provides a positive indicator of that particular company’s capability to repay its debt obligations. However for the owner of the company in hospitality industry, a high ratio in liquidity may indicate that more money is being tied up in working capital and is not used nicely. Generally the owner of a hotel company will try to maintain the current ratio which is at the acceptable to ownership and creditors. Furthermore, when we look at the activity ratio, Landmarks berhad’s average collection period and average payment period is much higher than Shangri-La Hotels; and the inventory turnover ratio shows that Landmarks is not being used their total asset effectively. These show that the risk taking by the company operation is higher as well. May be we can’t deny that the earnings of Landmarks Berhad in year 2007 is very higher compare to the average revenue of Shangri-La Hotels, but majority of the earnings of Landmarks Berhad in year 2007 were earned by sold their current asset (total asset held for sale) from discontinued operations. The average revenue of Landmarks Berhad gained from sale was actually much lower than the average compared to the Shangri-La Hotels. This shows that their return is very unstable compared to the Shangri-La Hotels. Thus, we could suggest that Shangri-La Hotels (M) Berhad is the best company compared to Landmarks Berhad.

North-west Frontier Province and National Peace Award

Being only sixteen years old did not matter squat to Malala Yousafazi. In a short fourteen years, she has won fame for fighting for peace, womens rights, and humanity. Last year, she won the National Peace award in Pakistan for all her efforts. In 2009—at only the age of 11—she fought Taliban insurgency that tried to take over her village of Swat. She wanted to set up her own political party which would campaign the right of young Pakistani girls to education. This girl—this heroine—was shot by a member of the Taliban, in the head and the neck, and is now in critical condition.The Taliban called her work â€Å"obscenity†. I call it heroism. They tried to silence this girl forever—they tried, and are still trying, to silence the ideas of freedom and rights and equality forever. But they will not win this war, not while human beings like Malala Yousafzai breathe and fight. An army chief called Malala â€Å"an icon of courage and hope†. S he’s more than that, much more. She’s the dawn of a new generation, the leader of a revolution in which humanity and justice prevails over the whole world.Malala, she stand as a role model for every girl in the world, to fight for what we believe in, no matter what the cost. she’ve brought a beautiful gift to the world, and to Pakistan, the gift of belief; belief that things can change. her message does not go unheard just as her own ideas have never gone unspoken. God-willing, we will see she gets back on her feet and go, to advocate for the rights shef deserve, with the power of the world behind her. We will see her reform her country and much more. we Thank her, for the inspiration she gave us all, by being a free-thinker, as much of a warrior as her namesake.The film I saw I recently saw an American movie which had impressed me much with its technical, screenplay and acting excellence. ?Witness? comes from Hollywood and it is an enjoyable crime thriller. ?Am ish? is an old forgotten culture in Pennsylvania. They live secluded with their unchanged 18th Centuary culture away from the modern society. They live a peasant life without any modern gadgets. As Amish boy unconsciously becomes an eyewitness to a murder. Killers belong to the police force and are very powerful.An honest detective takes the responsibility of saving the little boy from the killers and busting the crime. He becomes successful ultimately. The main attraction of the film is the excellent picturisation of ? Amish? culture. Every frame brings out the elegant beauty of a forgotten innocence with a contrast of modern ? organised crime?. A small 5-years old boy, the ? witness? is no natural with his stunning performance. Their faith, clannish loyalty and social discipline are filmed with a visual perfection. No overacting, melodramatic scenes and unrealistic car-chase and fights.The effect of the story strikes our thoughts so forcefully but nowhere the characters overplay t heir emotions. Harrison Ford, as a leading character expresses the pain of knowing the killers in all his tired and agonized looks. Here crime is not glorified. Hard truth of responsible people turning into betrayers is depicted quite efficiently in this movie. I think of it often and imagine the scene clearly. Even if they come to kill me, I will tell them what they are trying to do is wrong, that education is our basic right. † â€Å"I have a new dream . . .I must be a politician to save this country. There are so many crises in our country. I want to remove these crises. † -Malala Yousafzai â€Å"They cannot stop me; I will get my education if it is in home, school or any place. † –Malala Yousafzai Malala Yousafzai is a 16 year old who has been advocating for women’s education in Pakistan since she was 11 when she wrote a pseudonymous blog for the BBC about her experiences living under Taliban rule. The Taliban controls the Swat Valley in Pakista n, and had attempted numerous times to prohibit women and girls from attending school.They have removed signs on school buildings and have even destroyed schools to prevent women from being educated. In her BBC blog, Yousafzai describes having to go to school while the streets echo with gunshots and being forced to stay at home because women were not allowed to attend schools, but studying anyway, even though she was unsure if she would be allowed to take her exams. In 2012 Yousafzai was riding on a bus home from school when she was shot in the neck and head by the Taliban in an assassination attempt.She survived this attack, and has continued to fight for women’s education in Pakistan. In an interview with Jon Stewart on â€Å"The Daily Show† from Oct. 9, 2013, Yousafzai said, â€Å"I used to think that the Talib would come, and he would just kill me. But then I said, ‘If he comes, what would you do Malala? ’ then I would reply to myself, ‘Malala, just take a shoe and hit him. ’ But then I said, ‘If you hit a Talib with your shoe, then there would be no difference between you and the Talib.’†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You must not treat others with cruelty and that much harshly, you must fight others, but through peace and through dialogue and through education. Then I said I will tell him how important education is and that ‘I even want education for your children as well. ’ And I will tell him, ‘That’s what I want to tell you, now do what you want,’† Yousafzai said . Despite being personally hunted down by the Taliban for her activism, Yousafzai continues to be wise well beyond her years. In 2011, she was nominated for the International Children’s Peace Prize and awarded the National Youth Peace Prize.Yousafzai also founded the Malala Education Foundation which assists underprivileged girls attend school. Next time you might consider skipping class because the weather is i nconvenient or you did not finish your homework, just remember all that Yousafzai has done and been through for her education and the education of others. She took a bullet at point blank range because she wanted to learn and wanted others to have the right to learn as well. I think it will be okay if you have wet shoes during class once in a while.